You can have that with generic functions, although Go's lambda syntax is too verbose. The slices package has DeleteFunc, which is kind of the opposite. I don't know why they have Filter.
While Go has first-class functions and the like, functional programming is discouraged in Go; it's not optimized for it in either the language or the compiled result. It doesn't have tail call optimization for example, and naive functional coding may look "nice" (especially if it had for example arrow function syntax), but it won't have "mechanical sympathy". That is, no functional code (in Go) will be as fast as just iterating over a slice.
https://pkg.go.dev/slices#DeleteFunc